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In summary, the Keithley 6221/2182A is a complete delta-mode and pulsed-measurement system that combines the 6221 AC/DC current source with the 2182A Nanovoltmeter. The two instruments behave as a single coordinated system, executing delta-mode resistance measurement, differential conductance characterization, and pulsed I-V testing with industry-leading noise rejection.
The 6221/2182A is used wherever the underlying signal of interest sits below the noise floor of conventional sourcing and measurement: low-impedance Hall voltages, thermoelectric coefficients, superconductor transport, and any characterization that requires resolving microvolt or smaller voltages across milliohm-scale loads.
The system also handles pulsed I-V on heat-sensitive devices, where the goal is to characterize current-voltage behavior before self-heating perturbs the device. With pulse widths as short as 50 µs and line-synchronized voltage capture, the system delivers a complete pulse plus nanovolt measurement in well under 100 µs of total dissipation time.
Delta mode alternates current polarity at the source and triggers the 2182A to capture voltage at each polarity. Differencing the two readings cancels constant thermoelectric offsets and 1/f drift. The 6221 controls the polarity reversal and the 2182A capture directly over Trigger Link, so the user simply presses Delta then Trigger after connecting the device.
Resistance range: 10 nΩ to 100 MΩ in pulse mode (1 GΩ in DC delta mode). Current sourcing: 1 pA to 100 mA AC or DC. Voltage reversal rate: up to 24 Hz with the 2182A (12 Hz with the original 2182). Pulse mode (6221 only) supports 50 µs to 12 ms pulses with measurement triggered as soon as 16 µs after pulse application.
The 6221/2182A combination is the established Keithley solution for delta-mode resistance and differential-conductance measurement in semiconductor research, low-temperature transport laboratories, and superconductor device characterization. It is the reference platform that replaces AC resistance bridges and lock-in amplifiers in low-noise resistance work, with lower current sourcing, lower voltage measurement, less DUT power dissipation, and elimination of the current preamplifier.
Standard accessory packages ship where applicable. Unnecessary accessories may not be included on this Pre-Owned unit; contact a Test Architect to confirm anything specific your application requires.
Operationally the 6221/2182A behaves as a single integrated instrument. The 6221 current source carries the system command interface and writes configuration to the 2182A directly. Delta-mode setup takes two key presses on the 6221 front panel; the included PC software walks the user through delta, differential-conductance, and pulse-mode procedures.
| Specification | Value |
|---|---|
| DC range | 100 fA to 105 mA, 9 ranges, four-quadrant source or sink |
| AC range | 1 pA to 100 mA |
| Waveforms | Sine, square, ramp, triangle, 4 user arbitrary |
| Frequency range | 1 mHz to 100 kHz, 10 MSPS update |
| Output impedance | >1014 Ω on 2 nA / 20 nA ranges |
| Voltage compliance | 0.1 V to 105 V in 0.01 V steps |
| Maximum output power | 11 W |
| Pulse mode | 50 µs to 12 ms; 1 pA to 100 mA |
| Specification | Value |
|---|---|
| DUT resistance | Up to 1 GΩ (1 ns); 100 MΩ limit in pulse mode |
| Delta mode resistance | Reversal rate up to 24 Hz |
| Noise floor (delta mode) | As little as 1 nV with improved cancellation |
| Pulse measurement window | Measurement begins as soon as 16 µs after pulse |
| Specification | Value |
|---|---|
| PC interfaces | Ethernet (6221), GPIB, RS-232, Trigger Link, digital I/O |
| Common mode voltage | 250 V rms DC |
| Environment | 0°C to 50°C operating; 1-hour warm-up to rated accuracy |
| Programming | SCPI (IEEE-488.2 compliant) |
The 6221/2182A pairing is the definitive low-noise resistance and differential-conductance solution in the Keithley catalog. Pulse mode with synchronized nanovolt capture requires the 2182A specifically; the original 2182 does not support pulse mode.
This webpage was written by a human with an A.I. "Intern", which may contain errors. Please review the Manufacturer's Data Sheet to verify published specifications. Feedback on this webpage is always welcome — please reach out to your Test Architect at any time for questions or concerns. Thank you, we truly appreciate you being our customer.
Model No
6221/2182A
Condition
Used
Manufacturer
Keithley
30+ Years in Business
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30+ Years in Business
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Knowledgeable Staff
On-site Lab
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